Born and died in 1743

French philosopher, mathematician, and political scientist who championed Enlightenment ideals like free markets, public education, and equal rights for all

French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution, establishing the law of conservation of mass and modern chemical nomenclature

Physician, politician, and radical journalist during the French Revolution, known for his publication L'Ami du peuple and defense of the sans-culottes

Haitian general and politician who led the Haitian Revolution, transforming a slave rebellion into a movement that established the first free black republic and earned him the title of national hero