Born and died in 1897

Austrian Chancellor who resisted the Anschluss with Nazi Germany, a lawyer, politician, and professor who authored several scholarly works

British physicist and Nobel laureate known for proving nuclear transmutation and developing operational research during World War II

British chemist awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1967 for his studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing equilibrium with short pulses of energy

Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda known for his extreme antisemitism, public speaking skills, and central role as a Holocaust perpetrator, orchestrating the systematic dissemination of hateful ideology

French poet, novelist, editor, and leading voice of the surrealist movement, known for his political engagement and French Resistance efforts

Pope of the Catholic Church from 1963 to 1978, known for concluding and implementing the Second Vatican Council and fostering ecumenical relations

French chemist, physicist, and Nobel laureate who, with her husband, discovered induced radioactivity and advanced nuclear physics

French intellectual and literary figure known for his philosophical and literary explorations of eroticism, mysticism, surrealism, and transgression

South Korean journalist and politician who served as the second President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962, presiding over the short-lived Second Republic

English children's writer, one of the best-selling and most prolific authors of all time, translated into ninety languages

Polish-Swiss chemist and Nobel laureate, recognized for his isolation of cortisone, which revolutionized medical treatments

Thai military officer and politician who served as Prime Minister for two terms, known for leading Thailand during World War II and promoting Thai nationalism

French novelist, playwright, and poet known for "Tartarin de Tarascon" and "Sappho", whose works spanned novels, plays, poetry, and short stories

French Carmelite nun and Doctor of the Church who developed the "Little Way" spirituality and wrote the influential "Story of a Soul"

Swiss historian, author, and art historian known for his seminal work <i>The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy</i> and his pioneering role in establishing cultural history

German composer, pianist, and conductor known for his rhythmic vitality and expressive contrapuntal textures within the mid-Romantic period

Political activist and Islamic ideologist who founded Islamic Modernism and advocated Pan-Islamic unity