Born and died in 1821

French novelist known for literary realism, his acclaimed novel Madame Bovary, and scrupulous devotion to style

Swiss philosopher, poet, and diarist known for his introspective 'Journal Intime' and moral philosophy

A German physicist and physiologist known for pioneering work in hydrodynamic stability and linking scientific theory with practical research, whose name graces Germany's largest research association

French poet, essayist, and critic known for his masterful command of rhythm and rhyme, whose works explored real-life observations and an exoticism inherited from the Romantics

British explorer, army officer, writer, and scholar famed for his wide-ranging travels in Asia, Africa, and South America, and his mastery of up to 29 languages

The first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States, an American physician, abolitionist, and women's rights activist

French military leader and statesman who served as Emperor of the French, implementing extensive reforms across Europe and leading campaigns during the Napoleonic Wars