Born and died in 1854

French chemist who won the 1912 Nobel Prize for developing catalytic hydrogenation methods that transformed organic chemistry

French poet known for his transgressive and surreal themes who influenced modern literature and prefigured surrealism, also a world traveler and arms trader

Czech-Austrian Marxist theorist, economist, philosopher, and journalist, widely known as the 'Pope of Marxism' for his authoritative promulgation of orthodox Marxism and his influence on the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Second International.

Irish poet, playwright, and aesthete known for his wit, contributions to Aestheticism, and iconic works like *The Picture of Dorian Gray*

Czech composer, music theorist, and folklorist known for his original, modern musical style inspired by Moravian and Slavic folk music

French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science, known as "The Last Universalist" and "the Gauss of modern mathematics"

Belgian lawyer, politician, and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate renowned for his leadership in the international peace movement and advocacy for women's rights

Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist known for his influential work on mythology and comparative religion, particularly "The Golden Bough"

German philosopher known for his evolving idealism, a midpoint between Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel