Born and died in 1856

British physicist who discovered the electron and received the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the conduction of electricity by gases

German jurist and politician who served as Imperial Chancellor from 1909 to 1917, overseeing Germany's entry into World War I and playing a key role in its initial years

Australian politician and one of the fathers of Federation, who served three terms as the second Prime Minister of Australia

Irish playwright, critic, and political activist awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his influential plays and stimulating satire

Serbian-American engineer and inventor known for his foundational work on the alternating current (AC) electricity supply system

American author best known for his children's fantasy books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, who also worked as a screenwriter, actor, poet, and editor

Austrian neurologist, psychoanalyst, and essayist who founded psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating psychological conflicts through dialogue

French military and political leader who commanded the French Army in World War I and later led Vichy France during World War II

German poet, writer, and literary critic whose lyrical poetry inspired composers like Schumann and Schubert, and whose prose offered incisive social commentary