Born and died in 1813

Norwegian linguist, poet, and philologist who created Nynorsk, one of Norway's official written languages

French physiologist who originated the concept of <em>milieu intérieur</em> and laid the foundations for modern experimental medicine

German composer, theatre director, and essayist known for his innovative music dramas and the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk

Scottish missionary, explorer, and anti-slavery crusader known for his extensive expeditions in Africa and advocacy for British expansion

Italian and naturalized French mathematician, physicist, and astronomer known for significant contributions to analysis, number theory, and mechanics