Born and died in 1864

French painter, illustrator, and graphic designer renowned for capturing the vibrant life of fin-de-siècle Paris, particularly its cabarets and theatrical scenes

Austrian Jewish pacifist, journalist, and Esperantist who co-founded the German peace movement and won the 1911 Nobel Peace Prize for his work against international anarchy

Spanish essayist, novelist, poet, playwright, philosopher, and academic, celebrated for his existential philosophy and Modernist novels

British lawyer, politician, and diplomat who was a key architect of the League of Nations and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate for his work in disarmament and peace

Greek politician and statesman who served as Prime Minister for over 12 years, leading the national liberation movement and the Liberal Party

Swedish poet known for his symbolist poetry masquerading as regionalism, posthumously awarded the 1931 Nobel Prize in Literature after having refused it in 1919 due to his position as permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy

German composer and conductor known for his influential tone poems and operas, a leading figure of the late Romantic and early Modern musical periods

German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist who was a central figure in the development of sociology and the social sciences

French author, poet, and diarist, member of the Académie Goncourt, best known for 'Poil de carotte' and 'Les Histoires Naturelles', celebrated for his wit and observational prose

German physicist and Nobel laureate who formulated Wien's displacement law, calculating blackbody emission

German jurist and socialist who founded the General German Workers' Association (ADAV) and initiated Germany's social democratic movement