Born and died in 1939

American-born Swiss singer, songwriter, and actress known as the 'Queen of Rock 'n' Roll' who broke racial and gender barriers in music

Malaysian politician who served as the fifth prime minister of Malaysia from 2003 to 2009, also known as the Father of Human Capital Development of Malaysia

American former marine and laborer known for assassinating John F. Kennedy, the 35th U.S. President

British chemist who co-discovered fullerenes, earning him the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pioneering work on carbon structures

Japanese mountaineer and explorer, the first woman to summit Mount Everest and ascend the Seven Summits

Portuguese lawyer and politician who served as President of Portugal for two terms, Mayor of Lisbon, and United Nations High-Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations

American actor famous for portraying the iconic metal-toothed villain Jaws in James Bond films and Mr. Larson in Happy Gilmore

Russian military officer who, during a 1983 false alarm, decided not to launch a nuclear counter-strike, a decision that likely prevented a global catastrophe

American pioneer of the civil rights movement who, at 15, refused to give up her bus seat in segregated Montgomery

Japanese Nobel laureate who discovered how antibodies are generated and later revolutionized our understanding of memory formation

Motswana politician and economist who served as President of Botswana, recognized for his economic stewardship and pioneering response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic

American filmmaker recognized as a master of the horror genre, known for iconic slasher films like "A Nightmare on Elm Street" and "Scream" that blended terror with humor

American actor, screenwriter, director, and producer known for his swashbuckling silent film roles and for being "The King of Hollywood"

Canadian-American coach, physician, and inventor best known for creating the game of basketball

Austrian psychoanalyst who challenged Freudian theory with the concept of birth trauma and championed relationship-based therapy, influencing existential and humanistic psychology

Austrian neurologist, psychoanalyst, and essayist who founded psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating psychological conflicts through dialogue

Swiss psychiatrist known for coining terms such as schizophrenia and autism, and for his influence on modern concepts of mental illness

British physician, writer, and social reformer who pioneered the study of human sexuality and influenced psychoanalysis with concepts like narcissism and autoeroticism

Austrian novelist and journalist best known for his family saga Radetzky March and his novel of Jewish life Job

British egyptologist known for discovering the intact tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun in November 1922, the best-preserved pharaonic tomb ever found

Spanish poet and Generation of '98 figure who created philosophical heteronyms and evolved from modernism to intimate symbolism

Head of the Catholic Church from 1922 to 1939 and the first sovereign of Vatican City

American linguist and anthropologist who was a foundational figure in the development of linguistics in the United States, known for his work on Native American languages

Irish poet, playwright, and politician who received the 1923 Nobel Prize in Literature for his inspired poetry and served as a Senator of the Irish Free State