Born and died in 1898

Egyptian singer and actress known as "The Voice of Egypt," Kawkab el-Sharq, and a national icon, whose unparalleled vocal artistry resonated with audiences across the Middle East and worldwide

Swedish economist and sociologist who won the 1974 Nobel Prize for analyzing interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena

British author and scholar best known for his classic children's series The Chronicles of Narnia and influential works of Christian apologetics

German chemist and Nobel laureate recognized for his pioneering work on polymers and the development of the Ziegler–Natta catalyst

2nd President of the People's Republic of China and a leading figure in the Chinese Communist Party

Belgian surrealist artist known for his thought-provoking depictions of everyday objects in dreamlike settings, influencing pop art, minimalist art, and conceptual art

Australian pathologist and pharmacologist who shared the Nobel Prize for his instrumental role in developing penicillin into a life-saving medicine

Italian politician and diplomat who served as the 5th President of Italy from 1964 to 1971

Belgian-American cell biologist and Nobel laureate who developed cell fractionation, identified key cell organelles, and was the first to use the electron microscope in biology

English sculptor renowned for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures and influential graphic works displayed worldwide

German philosopher and social critic known for his association with the Frankfurt School and his critiques of capitalism and modern technology

Indian politician and economist who served as acting Prime Minister of India twice and was awarded the Bharat Ratna for his dedicated service

French Symbolist poet whose experimental verse inspired Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, and Surrealism

German statesman and Chancellor who oversaw the unification of Germany and served as its first chancellor, earning the nickname Iron Chancellor

British Liberal prime minister, writer, politician, diplomat, and statistician who served four non-consecutive terms as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

19th-century French Symbolist painter and sculptor, known for his allegorical and mythological works, considered a master of Symbolism

Swiss mathematician and physicist known for formulating the Balmer series, which describes the visible spectral lines of the hydrogen atom