Born and died in 1892

British writer, journalist, literary critic, and feminist known for her versatile contributions across many genres and her incisive commentary

Spanish general and dictator who led Spain from 1939 to 1975, overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Civil War

British-born geneticist and evolutionary biologist who became an Indian citizen, a founder of neo-Darwinism, and a pioneer in applying statistics to biology

Russian-French chess player, writer, and jurist, known as the fourth World Chess Champion who held the title for two reigns, revolutionizing strategic play and chess theory.

Yugoslav novelist, poet, and diplomat who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961 for his powerful writings on Bosnian history and human destinies

Austrian politician and dictator who served as Chancellor, suppressed political opposition, and was assassinated in 1934

English physicist and Nobel laureate known for his investigations of the ionosphere and the discovery of the Appleton layer, which advanced radar and shortwave radio

French theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate known for postulating the wave nature of electrons and all matter, a foundational concept in quantum mechanics

Austrian Nazi politician, writer, lawyer, and jurist who served as Reichskommissar of the German-occupied Netherlands and was convicted of crimes against humanity at Nuremberg

English writer and poet known for his prolific 50-year career, early association with the Imagist movement, and winning the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his biography of Wellington

British historian, diplomat, journalist, and political scientist best known for 'A History of Soviet Russia' and his rejection of empiricism in historiography

King and Emir of Afghanistan who secured the nation's independence in 1919 and pursued an independent foreign policy

French philosopher, writer, historian, and Orientalist known for his scholarship on Semitic languages and early Christianity, and theories on nationalism

Brazilian military officer and politician who served as the first president of Brazil and led the coup that established the First Brazilian Republic

American poet, essayist, and journalist known as the father of free verse, who profoundly influenced American and world literature with works such as Leaves of Grass