Born and died in 1891

Jewish German poet and playwright who received the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature for her lyrical and dramatic interpretations of Israel's destiny

German painter and printmaker noted for his starkly realistic portrayals of Weimar society and the brutality of war, a leading figure of Neue Sachlichkeit

Canadian medical scientist and doctor who co-discovered insulin and its therapeutic potential, earning him a Nobel Prize

English physicist who discovered the neutron in 1932, received the Nobel Prize, and led the British team on the Manhattan Project

Jewish-German Catholic nun, theologian, and philosopher, canonized as a saint and patron of Europe, murdered at Auschwitz

German admiral and politician who served as Supreme Commander of the Navy during World War II and briefly as head of state of Nazi Germany in 1945

Swedish writer and Nobel laureate known for his profound exploration of eternal human questions through poetry and prose

Russian author, playwright, and satirist known for the posthumously published novel The Master and Margarita

Architect of the Indian Constitution, social reformer, and an ardent champion of civil rights and equality

German-born artist who pioneered Dada and Surrealism, inventing innovative techniques like frottage and grattage that revolutionized modern art

British actor known for his distinctive voice, starring in classic Hollywood films like *Lost Horizon* and winning an Academy Award for *A Double Life*

Italian politician and statesman who served as the 4th President of Italy and twice as its Prime Minister

Second and final Emperor of Brazil, known as 'the Magnanimous,' who reigned from 1831 to 1889, overseeing the longest and most stable period in Brazilian history

French poet known for his transgressive and surreal themes who influenced modern literature and prefigured surrealism, also a world traveler and arms trader

French statesman and lawyer who served as President of France from 1879 to 1887, considered the first real republican president

First prime minister of Canada and dominant figure of Canadian Confederation, serving from 1867 to 1873 and 1878 to 1891

French post-Impressionist painter who developed the revolutionary techniques of chromoluminarism and pointillism

Pioneering 19th-century Russian mathematician, writer, and physicist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics and a full professorship in Europe

German inventor and engineer who developed the compressed charge internal combustion engine, fundamental to modern engine technology

French official, architect, and urban planner who supervised the radical urban renewal of Paris, introducing grand boulevards and parks