Born and died in 1884

Japanese general and politician who served as Prime Minister during World War II, leading a period marked by widespread state violence and mass killings

First President of the Republic of India, instrumental in the Indian independence movement and constitutional development

Swiss Freudian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who developed the influential Rorschach inkblot test

German chemist who developed the Bergius process for synthetic fuel from coal and was a Nobel Prize winner for high-pressure chemistry

American diplomat, activist, and First Lady who led the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, earning her the title 'First Lady of the World'

Turkish military officer, politician, and diplomat who served as the 2nd President of Turkey and a three-time Prime Minister

Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate known for developing the ultracentrifuge and his pioneering research on colloids and proteins

16th President of the French Republic, lawyer, politician, and French resistance fighter who led France from 1947 to 1954, overseeing its entry into the Council of Europe and NATO

German Lutheran theologian and New Testament professor who advocated for an existentialist interpretation of the New Testament and was a major figure in 20th-century biblical studies

Swiss-born German actor and film director who was the first recipient of the Academy Award for Best Actor

Italian painter and sculptor known for his distinctive portraits and nudes with elongated forms

German writer, playwright, journalist, and literary critic known for his historical novels and influence on figures like Bertolt Brecht

American chess player and theoretician acknowledged as the world's greatest chess master during his brief career, whose advanced style was far ahead of his time

Finnish polymath who created the national epic Kalevala from traditional oral poetry and authored the first scientific text written in Finnish

Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar who established the fundamental laws of heredity through his pea plant experiments, recognized posthumously as the founder of modern genetics