Born and died in 1883

Japanese martial artist and founder of the martial art of Aikido, known respectfully as Kaiso or Ōsensei

Austrian composer and conductor, a leading figure of the Second Viennese School, known for his modernist atonal and twelve-tone music

French fashion designer and businesswoman who founded the Chanel brand, popularized sporty casual chic, and created the iconic Chanel No. 5 fragrance

Bohemian writer and novelist from Prague whose works, including The Metamorphosis and The Trial, are known for their blend of realism and the fantastique, giving rise to the term 'Kafkaesque'

French politician who served as Prime Minister during both the Third Republic and Vichy France, later tried and executed for Nazi collaboration during World War II

Austrian physicist and Nobel laureate known for his discovery of cosmic rays

British economist and mathematician known for developing Keynesian economics, considered the "father of macroeconomics" and one of the most influential economists of the 20th century

German-American architect who founded the Bauhaus School and pioneered modernist architecture and design education

Turkish politician and economist who served as the 3rd President of the Republic of Turkey from 1950 to 1960 and Prime Minister from 1937 to 1939

Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist known for his 'philosophy of life' and influential works like 'La rebelión de las masas'

British Army general and Viceroy of India who led significant campaigns in World War II and oversaw critical political transitions

Czech humorist, satirist, and author best known for his unfinished satirical novel, The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk During the World War, which became the most translated novel in Czech literature

Russian author, poet, and novelist who was instrumental in popularizing Russian literature in the West with his insightful portrayals of society and human nature

Algerian religious and military leader, scientist, author, and resistance fighter known for leading the struggle against French colonial invasion

French modernist painter who captured modern life and played a pivotal role in the transition from Realism to Impressionism

German composer, theatre director, and essayist known for his innovative music dramas and the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk

French illustrator and painter known for his prolific wood-engravings illustrating classic literature like the Vulgate Bible and Dante's Divine Comedy