Born and died in 1876

Spanish cellist, conductor, and composer celebrated for his recordings of Bach's Cello Suites and his significant contributions to music education

Barrister, politician, and freedom fighter who founded Pakistan and served as its first governor-general

German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928 for his research into the constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins

Scottish Nobel prize-winning physician and physiologist, co-discoverer of insulin and devoted researcher in carbohydrate metabolism

German field marshal and decorated World War I officer who commanded Army Group C during the Battle of France and was later convicted of war crimes

Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan, Mata Hari captivated European audiences before being convicted and executed as a German spy during World War I

German Social Democratic politician who served as foreign minister and twice as chancellor during the Weimar Republic

German Grand Admiral and historian who led the Kriegsmarine during the first half of World War II and was convicted of war crimes

Austro-Hungarian otologist and Nobel Prize laureate known for his work on the vestibular apparatus, which garnered him the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City from 1939 to 1958, navigating global challenges during his nearly two-decade pontificate

Romanian sculptor, painter, and photographer considered the patriarch of modern sculpture and a pioneer of modernism, known for his clean geometrical lines and cultural influences

German chemist and Nobel laureate known for co-developing the Diels–Alder reaction, a crucial method for synthesizing cyclic organic compounds

Russian revolutionary anarchist and political philosopher, known for his foundational influence on anarchism and collectivist anarchist tendencies throughout Russia and Europe

Mexican general and politician who served as president of Mexico multiple times, defining much of 19th-century Mexican history

Prolific French novelist, memoirist, and journalist of the European Romantic era, known for her more than 70 novels and activism

The 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who also pursued passions as an author and composer