Born and died in 1822

French chemist and microbiologist renowned for discoveries of vaccination principles, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization

Belgian-French Romantic composer, celebrated organist, and influential music teacher known for works like the Symphony in D Minor and Sonata in A major

19th president of the United States, Civil War major general, lawyer, and Ohio governor

Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar who established the fundamental laws of heredity through his pea plant experiments, recognized posthumously as the founder of modern genetics

French economist, statesman, and pacifist who won the Nobel Peace Prize for his lifelong work in international peace and diplomacy

American military leader and 18th President of the United States who guided the Union Army to victory in the Civil War

German businessman and archaeologist known for excavating the presumed site of Troy and other Mycenaean sites, advocating for the historicity of Homer's Iliad

German mathematical physicist and professor who helped found thermodynamics, introduced entropy, and formulated the second law of thermodynamics

African-American abolitionist, social activist, Union Army spy, and suffragist who rescued enslaved people via the Underground Railroad

German Romantic author, jurist, composer, and artist known for pioneering horror and crime fiction, and inspiring works like 'The Nutcracker'