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German-Prussian general and military theorist whose On War explored the political and psychological dimensions of warfare

American Founding Father and fifth president of the United States (1817-1825), known for the Monroe Doctrine and leading during the Era of Good Feelings

Greek statesman and diplomat, recognized as one of the most distinguished politicians of 19th-century Europe

Polish-Lithuanian noblewoman and revolutionary who achieved the rank of captain during the November Uprising of 1830-1831 against Russian rule

French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher known for her pioneering work in elasticity theory and contributions to Fermat's Last Theorem