Born and died in 1863

Austro-Hungarian politician and heir presumptive whose assassination in Sarajevo directly triggered World War I

Spanish-American philosopher, essayist, and poet known for sharp aphorisms and a unique perspective on culture and religion

Norwegian painter and graphic artist widely known for his iconic 1893 work, The Scream, and his profound contributions to modern art

American astronomer and astrophysicist known for co-creating the Harvard Classification Scheme and meticulously cataloging hundreds of thousands of stars

Belgian American inventor and chemist known as "The Father of the Plastics Industry" for inventing Velox photographic paper and Bakelite

French Neo-Impressionist painter and graphic artist known for co-developing the Pointillism technique with Georges Seurat

British politician and Nobel Peace Prize winner known for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty and serving as Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer

British politician and trade unionist, Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and the first Labour cabinet minister who led the party in three different decades

French lawyer and statesman who served as President of France from 1924 to 1931

American industrialist and entrepreneur who founded the Ford Motor Company, pioneering affordable automobiles for the middle class through the system of Fordism

German astronomer and astrophotography pioneer who revolutionized celestial observation and led the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory

American newspaper publisher whose empire shaped popular media and whose life inspired Citizen Kane

German philologist, linguist, and folklorist known for formulating Grimm's law, co-authoring the Deutsches Wörterbuch, and editing Grimms' Fairy Tales with his brother Wilhelm

French poet, playwright, and novelist who was an early figure in the French Romantic movement, known for works like *Cinq-Mars* and *Les destinées*

French Romantic artist regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school, known for iconic artworks such as Dante's Bark and Lion Hunt

American statesman and military general who led the Texas Revolution, served as president of the Republic of Texas, and was the only person to be elected governor of two different U.S. states

Confederate general during the American Civil War, celebrated for his tactical command and steadfastness on the battlefield