Born and died in 1859

44th President of Mexico who led the Constitutionalist faction during the Mexican Revolution and played a key role in drafting the 1917 Constitution

French post-Impressionist painter who developed the revolutionary techniques of chromoluminarism and pointillism

American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer who significantly shaped progressive education and pragmatic thought in the first half of the twentieth century

French philosopher and Nobel laureate known for his influential ideas in analytic and continental philosophy

French artillery officer whose wrongful conviction for espionage sparked the historic Dreyfus affair, exposing antisemitism and judicial error in France

American outlaw and gunfighter of the Old West known for his involvement in the Lincoln County War and links to multiple murders

French / Occitan Socialist leader, writer, and politician who unified socialist parties and championed antimilitarism

Norwegian novelist and Nobel laureate whose work spanned over 70 years, recognized for his psychological depth and varied narrative perspectives

Swedish writer, poet, and painter, Nobel laureate in Literature in 1916, known for works celebrating Swedish history and life

British writer and physician best known for creating the iconic detective Sherlock Holmes and pioneering speculative fiction with The Lost World

French physicist and chemist, Nobel laureate for pioneering work on radioactivity with Marie Curie

German philosopher and mathematician known as the father of phenomenology, a school of thought he established

British author and literary critic best known for his 1821 work, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, which inaugurated the tradition of addiction literature in the West

American abolitionist who fiercely believed in the violent overthrow of slavery and led the raid on Harpers Ferry

American writer, historian, and diplomat known for 'Rip Van Winkle' and 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,' and his historical works on Spain and George Washington

King of Sweden and Norway from 1844 to 1859, and a noted composer, he was the second monarch of the House of Bernadotte

Austrian diplomat, foreign minister, and chancellor who was central to the Concert of Europe for three decades, shaping 19th-century European diplomacy

Prussian geographer, naturalist, and explorer who co-founded modern geography and pioneered biogeography and geophysical measurement

German mathematician who pioneered analytic number theory, advanced Fourier series, and provided the modern definition of a function

French political thinker, historian, and diplomat renowned for his analyses of democracy and social conditions in Western societies, particularly in <i>Democracy in America</i>