Born and died in 1880

German field marshal who commanded Army Group North, Army Group B, Army Group Center, and Army Group South during World War II

Austrian philosophical writer known for the influential modernist novel, 'The Man Without Qualities'

German climatologist, geophysicist, and polar explorer whose wide-ranging research profoundly influenced Earth sciences

Scottish nutritionist and physician awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his scientific research into nutrition and his leadership as the first Director-General of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

French poet, playwright, and art critic known for his pioneering work in the avant-garde movement and influential contributions to modern literature

American deafblind author, political activist, and lecturer who became a global symbol of perseverance and an advocate for disability rights

German historian and philosopher best known for his work <em>The Decline of the West</em> and his organic theory of civilization lifecycles

Austrian philosopher and writer known for his influential work <em>Geschlecht und Charakter</em> and his impact on modern thought

Mexican general, inventor, and politician who served as the 46th President of Mexico and was re-elected in 1928

American comedian, actor, juggler, and writer known for his distinctive curmudgeonly persona and classic films like My Little Chickadee

American Army general who served as a top commander in World War I, World War II, and the Korean War, earning the rank of General of the Army and the Medal of Honor

Spanish writer, lawyer, and politician who served as Prime Minister and the last President of the Second Spanish Republic, renowned as the father of the Republic during the Spanish Civil War

German-born French composer, cellist, and impresario known for his influential operettas and the opera The Tales of Hoffmann

English merchant and astronomer known for improving reflecting telescopes and discovering planetary satellites

French novelist known for literary realism, his acclaimed novel Madame Bovary, and scrupulous devotion to style