Born and died in 1879

Indian spiritual teacher, writer, and philosopher known for his profound wisdom as a Hindu sage and jivanmukta, guiding seekers through self-inquiry

German-Swiss artist and university teacher known for his highly individual style influenced by expressionism, cubism, and surrealism

Russian Marxist revolutionary, central figure in the October Revolution and Russian Civil War, whose ideas founded Trotskyism

German Chancellor, diplomat, and military officer remembered for his significant political influence and role in the early 20th-century German government

German physicist who won the 1914 Nobel Prize for discovering X-ray diffraction by crystals, founding modern crystallography

Emperor of Japan from 1912-1926 who presided over the Taishō democracy era and Japan's emergence as a modern world power

Mexican revolutionary and guerrilla leader who was a main figure in the Mexican Revolution and inspiration for the agrarian movement Zapatismo

Ukrainian military leader and politician who led the Ukrainian People's Republic during the Ukrainian War of Independence

British physicist known for his Nobel Prize-winning work on thermionic emission and the discovery of Richardson's law

German-born theoretical physicist best known for developing the theory of relativity and the mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2

German chancellor and statesman who stabilized the Mark as Minister of Finance and served as Ambassador to the United States

Russian avant-garde artist and art theorist, founder of Suprematism, who pioneered abstract painting in the 20th century

Visionary French architect and author celebrated for his meticulous restoration of iconic medieval landmarks across France, including Notre-Dame de Paris

French nun known for experiencing apparitions of the 'Immaculate Conception' in Lourdes, which led to the building of a chapel at the famous cave-grotto

French artist, engraver, and satirist renowned for his incisive social and political caricatures and profound depictions of everyday life in 19th-century France