Born and died in 1814

Belgian musical instrument designer and musician who invented the saxophone, saxhorn, and redesigned the bass clarinet

French painter known for his empathetic depictions of peasant farmers and a founder of the Barbizon school, who also explored pure landscapes in his later career

Swedish physicist and astronomer, recognized as a founder of spectroscopy and known for his work on the solar spectrum

American industrialist and inventor who established Colt's Patent Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company and made the mass production of revolvers commercially viable

Russian revolutionary anarchist and political philosopher, known for his foundational influence on anarchism and collectivist anarchist tendencies throughout Russia and Europe

Ukrainian poet and artist who founded modern Ukrainian literature and language, and whose collection 'Kobzar' is a cornerstone of Slavic culture

Visionary French architect and author celebrated for his meticulous restoration of iconic medieval landmarks across France, including Notre-Dame de Paris

American Founding Father and politician who signed the Declaration of Independence, championed the Bill of Rights, and whose name is linked to "gerrymandering"

Empress consort of the French, Queen of Italy, and dedicated patron of the arts who shaped the cultural landscape of the First French Empire

German philosopher and founding figure of German idealism, who built upon the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant