Born and died in 1560

King of France from 1559 to 1560 and King of Scotland as consort to Mary, Queen of Scots, from 1558 until his death

King of Sweden from 1523 to 1560, he led the Swedish War of Liberation and secured Sweden's independence from the Kalmar Union

German Lutheran reformer, first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, and influential designer of educational systems

French Renaissance poet and co-founder of La Pléiade who championed French literature's equality with classical traditions