Born and died in 1914

German politician and jurist who served as President of West Germany from 1979 to 1984, combining legal expertise with diplomatic experience during the Cold War era

Austrian-American actress and co-inventor of an early technique for spread spectrum communications and frequency hopping

American physician, inventor, immunologist, virologist, and epidemiologist who developed one of the first successful polio vaccines

British biochemist and Nobel laureate who, with Archer Martin, invented partition chromatography

Welsh poet and writer known for works like 'Do not go gentle into that good night' and 'Under Milk Wood', who became widely popular in his lifetime and after his death

The last King of Afghanistan, who reigned for almost 40 years from 1933 to 1973, becoming the longest-serving ruler since the Durrani Empire

American scientist, physicist, and chemist who led the Homestake experiment, the first to detect solar neutrinos, and shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics

Norwegian anthropologist, adventurer, and explorer who led the Kon-Tiki and Ra expeditions, challenging theories of ancient migration and seafaring capabilities

American exercise instructor, fitness and nutrition guru, and motivational speaker known as the 'Godfather of Fitness'

Japanese association football player who represented the Japan national team alongside his two brothers

American film director, producer, and editor celebrated for his versatility and Oscar-winning musicals like West Side Story and The Sound of Music

Argentine and naturalised French novelist, short story writer, poet, essayist, and translator, known as a founder of the Latin American Boom who influenced an entire generation of Spanish-speaking readers and writers

Scottish-American naturalist, writer, and early advocate for wilderness preservation, widely known as the 'Father of the National Parks'

French poet, essayist, and editor who blended socialism and nationalism with his Catholic faith, tragically killed in World War I

French / Occitan Socialist leader, writer, and politician who unified socialist parties and championed antimilitarism

Austro-Hungarian politician and heir presumptive whose assassination in Sarajevo directly triggered World War I

American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist known as "the father of pragmatism" and praised as one of America's greatest thinkers.

French Provençal poet and lexicographer who won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature and founded the Félibrige literary movement

Swiss lawyer and politician who won the 1902 Nobel Peace Prize for his practical leadership of international peace organizations

American inventor and entrepreneur who revolutionized railway safety with the air brake and pioneered alternating current electricity

American editorialist, journalist, short story writer, fabulist, and satirist known for his pioneering realist fiction, influential war stories, and biting wit