Born and died in 1885

American physician and Nobel laureate who, after surviving diabetes thanks to insulin, co-discovered a life-saving treatment for pernicious anemia

German chancellor and economist who led the country during the challenging years of the Great Depression

Russian writer and Futurist poet celebrated for his linguistic innovations and experimental approach to literature

German mathematician, theoretical physicist, logician, and philosopher known for his association with the Göttingen tradition of mathematics

American historian and philosopher who, with his wife Ariel, wrote the eleven-volume <i>The Story of Civilization</i>, bringing history and philosophy to a wide audience

American poet, critic, and major figure in early modernist poetry, known for <em>Ripostes</em>, <em>Hugh Selwyn Mauberley</em>, and <em>The Cantos</em>, who also worked as a writer, composer, journalist, and translator, influencing 20th-century literature

French novelist, dramatist, and Nobel Prize winner in Literature (1952) known for spiritual insight and artistic intensity in exploring human life

Austrian-American director and actor known for his uncompromising vision in silent films like Greed and his later roles, including Max von Mayerling in Sunset Boulevard

American-German psychoanalyst who challenged Freudian theory, founded feminist psychology, and highlighted cultural influences on psychology

English writer and poet whose modernist novels, such as Lady Chatterley's Lover, sparked widespread debate and challenged societal norms regarding sexuality and industrialization

Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel laureate recognized for developing radioactive tracers and co-discovering hafnium

Prolific French author, biographer, historian, novelist, and critic known for his insightful works across various genres and for making complex subjects accessible

King of Spain known as El Pacificador who reigned from 1874 until his death in 1885, stabilizing the Spanish monarchy

Métis leader, founder of Manitoba, and politician who defended Métis rights against the Canadian government

American military leader and 18th President of the United States who guided the Union Army to victory in the Civil War

Galician poet and novelist who was a leading figure in 19th-century Spanish literature and a cultural icon for her work in the literary Galician language

French novelist, poet, dramatist, and politician, known for impactful works such as Notre-Dame de Paris and Quatrevingt Treize, who also made contributions as an artist and human rights activist

American journalist, businessman, and politician who served as the 17th Vice President of the United States and the 25th Speaker of the House of Representatives

Norwegian writer, forester, marine biologist, and children's writer, best known for collecting Norwegian fairy tales with Jørgen Moe