Born and died in 1842

Norwegian mathematician who largely created the theory of continuous symmetry and made substantial contributions to algebra

English physicist and hereditary peer, Nobel laureate known for the discovery of argon and gas density investigations

American editorialist, journalist, short story writer, fabulist, and satirist known for his pioneering realist fiction, influential war stories, and biting wit

French composer of the Romantic era best known for his more than thirty operas, including Manon and Werther

French Symbolist poet whose experimental verse inspired Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, and Surrealism

French astronomer, prolific author of popular science and early science fiction, and founder of L'Astronomie magazine

American philosopher and psychologist, often called the "father of American psychology" and a leading thinker of the late 19th century

Chilean independence leader and military officer who served as the second Supreme Director of Chile, considered one of the nation's founding fathers

Spanish Romantic poet, writer, politician, and military officer, celebrated for his influential works like 'El diablo mundo' and 'Poesías'

Celebrated French portrait painter, artist, writer, and salonnière known for her elegant portraits in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

French writer and diplomat known for pioneering psychological realism in novels like Le Rouge et le Noir and La Chartreuse de Parme

Italian Classical and Romantic composer, conductor, and music educator whose operas and sacred music were highly praised by contemporaries like Beethoven and Rossini