Born and died in 1832

French civil engineer and architect renowned for designing the Eiffel Tower, the Garabit Viaduct, and contributing to the Statue of Liberty

Norwegian writer, poet, and politician who won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature and authored Norway's national anthem lyrics

Finland-Swedish baron, geologist, mineralogist, and Arctic explorer renowned for achieving the first complete transit of the Northeast Passage

German physician, physiologist, and philosopher who became known as one of the fathers of modern psychology and the first to call himself a psychologist

German inventor and engineer who developed the compressed charge internal combustion engine, fundamental to modern engine technology

Spanish playwright, civil engineer, mathematician, and statesman who was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature for his role in reviving Spanish drama

French modernist painter who captured modern life and played a pivotal role in the transition from Realism to Impressionism

French illustrator and painter known for his prolific wood-engravings illustrating classic literature like the Vulgate Bible and Dante's Divine Comedy

French economist and businessman known for popularizing Say's law and for his pioneering studies on entrepreneurship

Scottish novelist, poet, and historian renowned for the Waverley novels and narrative poems that profoundly influenced European and American literature

French physicist, engineer, and the father of thermodynamics, known for his foundational work on the maximum efficiency of heat engines

The son of Napoleon I and disputed Emperor of the French for two days in 1815

British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer who founded modern utilitarianism and advocated for human rights, animal rights, and suffrage

French mathematician who solved the 350-year-old problem of polynomial solvability by radicals, foundational to Galois theory and group theory

French naturalist, zoologist, and paleontologist known as the 'founding father of paleontology' who established comparative anatomy

French classical scholar and egyptologist renowned for deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs and founding the field of Egyptology