Born and died in 1804

French literary critic known for his biographical approach to literature and influential 'Monday Chats' columns

14th president of the United States who served from 1853 to 1857, a northern Democrat grappling with the nation's divisions over slavery and the architect of the Kansas–Nebraska Act

King of Siam from 1851 to 1868, formally adopting the title "King of Siam" in diplomatic contexts

American author, novelist, and short story writer known for exploring history, morality, and religion in works like The Scarlet Letter

Prolific French novelist, memoirist, and journalist of the European Romantic era, known for her more than 70 novels and activism

German naturalist, physician, and university teacher known for his wide-ranging contributions to zoology, botany, chemistry, and his revision of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae

American Founding Father, first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, and founder of America's first political party, the Federalist Party

German philosopher and central thinker of the Enlightenment whose systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, and aesthetics significantly influenced modern Western philosophy

English chemist, theologian, and political theorist known for discovering oxygen, inventing carbonated water, and advocating for liberal ideas