Born and died in 1870

Austrian politician and jurist known as the 'Father of the Republics' for leading the first government of the Republic of German-Austria, the First Austrian Republic, and becoming the first President of the Second Republic after World War II

Austrian and Czech architect, influential theorist, and critic of Art Nouveau who sparked the Vienna Secession movement and postmodernism

Seventh President of Finland who served from 1946 to 1956, and an influential figure in Finnish economics and politics for over fifty years

First Russian writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, noted for his strict artistry in carrying on classical Russian prose and poetry traditions

French physicist and Nobel laureate who experimentally confirmed the atomic nature of matter through his studies of Brownian motion

Italian physician and educator who developed the globally recognized Montessori Method of education and scientific pedagogy

French-English writer, poet, historian, and politician known for his versatile literary output across history, politics, and satire, deeply influenced by his Catholic faith

Belgian Nobel Prize-winning immunologist and microbiologist who made fundamental discoveries about immunity and bacterial infections

South African statesman, military leader, author, and philosopher who served two terms as Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa

Russian revolutionary and politician who founded the Soviet Union and led the October Revolution, establishing the world's first communist state

Austrian psychotherapist and founder of Individual Psychology, known for the concept of the "inferiority complex" and emphasizing social belonging and purpose

Spanish military officer and politician who served as dictator and Prime Minister of Spain from 1923 to 1930 during the Bourbon Restoration

Spanish Romantic poet who wrote the beloved collection 'Rimas y leyendas' and ranks among Spain's most important literary figures after Cervantes

Celebrated French writer, playwright, and novelist known for epic historical adventures like The Count of Monte Cristo and The forty-five guardsmen

American military officer and Confederate States general renowned for leading the Army of Northern Virginia and his exceptional tactical skills during the American Civil War

French writer, archaeologist, and historian known for his novella Carmen and significant contributions to architectural preservation

Russian author, philosopher, and revolutionary known for his role as a precursor of Russian socialism and agrarian populism, whose writings from exile influenced the emancipation of serfs and left significant literary works like "My Past and Thoughts"