Born and died in 1904

Cuban novelist, essayist, and musicologist who greatly influenced Latin American literature during its famous boom period

German-Canadian physicist and physical chemist who won the 1971 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on the electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals

French physicist and Nobel laureate recognized for his fundamental discoveries in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism, crucial for solid state physics applications

First President of Nigeria and a driving force behind the country's independence, widely regarded as the father of Nigerian nationalism

American organic chemist who discovered crown ethers and shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity

Indian politician and statesman who served as Prime Minister of India from 1964 to 1966, following his role as Home Minister

British writer, playwright, and literary critic regarded as one of the leading novelists of the 20th century

British-American actress known for portraying dignified women and being a top box-office draw during Hollywood's Golden Age

Pioneering Mexican actress, known as the first major female Latin American crossover star in Hollywood and a key figure in Mexican cinema's Golden Age

Polish-American Nobel laureate, renowned for his Yiddish novels and short stories that explored universal human conditions and Polish-Jewish cultural traditions

Chilean poet-diplomat and politician who won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature for bringing alive a continent's destiny and dreams through his elemental poetry

German-American evolutionary biologist, taxonomist, and tropical explorer who helped formulate the modern evolutionary synthesis and the biological species concept

Faroese physician and scientist who won the 1903 Nobel Prize for pioneering light therapy to treat diseases like lupus vulgaris

Hungarian Jewish journalist, lawyer, and politician, renowned as the father of modern political Zionism and the visionary behind the Jewish State

English-American photographer and inventor known for his pioneering studies of motion and early work in motion-picture projection

Czech composer who masterfully blended the folk music of his native Bohemia and Moravia with classical symphonic traditions, known for works like Symphony No. 9 "New World"

Queen of Spain from 1833 to 1868 and the only queen regnant in the history of unified Spain