Born and died in 1856

28th president of the United States, leader during World War I, and architect of the League of Nations

American statesman and lawyer known for co-authoring the Kellogg–Briand Pact and receiving the Nobel Peace Prize

British physicist who discovered the electron and received the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the conduction of electricity by gases

German jurist and politician who served as Imperial Chancellor from 1909 to 1917, overseeing Germany's entry into World War I and playing a key role in its initial years

American architect known as a "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism" for his innovative designs and the phrase "form follows function"

Australian politician and one of the fathers of Federation, who served three terms as the second Prime Minister of Australia

Irish playwright, critic, and political activist awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his influential plays and stimulating satire

Serbian-American engineer and inventor known for his foundational work on the alternating current (AC) electricity supply system

American writer, publisher, artist, and philosopher who founded the Roycroft artisan community and was known for his Arts and Crafts advocacy and unique homespun philosophy

American author best known for his children's fantasy books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, who also worked as a screenwriter, actor, poet, and editor

American naval officer and Arctic explorer who claimed to be the first to reach the North Pole

Austrian neurologist, psychoanalyst, and essayist who founded psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating psychological conflicts through dialogue

German poet, writer, and literary critic whose lyrical poetry inspired composers like Schumann and Schubert, and whose prose offered incisive social commentary