Born and died in 1889

French philosopher, playwright, music critic, and leading Christian existentialist known for his "philosophy of existence" and critique of technologically dehumanizing society

English electrophysiologist and Nobel laureate whose research clarified the function of neurons and provided evidence for the all-or-none law of nerves

Last King of Portugal, reigning from 1908 until 1910, known sometimes as the Unfortunate or the Patriot

Indian anti-colonial nationalist, statesman, and first Prime Minister of India, who promoted democracy, secularism, and non-alignment on the global stage

Influential Egyptian writer, literary critic, and intellectual, known as "The Dean of Arabic Literature," who was a leading figure of the Arab Renaissance and nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twenty-one times

British Olympic medalist, politician, Cabinet minister, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate known for his tireless campaign for disarmament

German journalist, author, and pacifist who received the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize for exposing clandestine German rearmament

German philosopher who fundamentally shaped phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism, influencing theology and humanities

A visionary French writer, filmmaker, poet, and designer, Jean Cocteau was a leading avant-garde artist of the 20th century, renowned for his diverse contributions across film, literature, and visual arts

Portuguese statesman, economist, and academic who served as Prime Minister from 1932 to 1968, establishing the Estado Novo regime, one of modern Europe's longest-lived authoritarian dictatorships

Austrian philosopher and logician known for his work in logic, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of language

Swiss chemist and biochemist who shared the 1937 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins A and B2

English poet and playwright renowned for his dramatic monologues, characterization, and challenging vocabulary