Born and died in 1819

French physicist, astronomer, and photographer who accurately measured the speed of light and conducted the Fizeau experiment

French physicist and astronomer who invented the Foucault pendulum, measured the speed of light, discovered eddy currents, and named the gyroscope

Irish mathematician and physicist who held the Lucasian Professorship at Cambridge for 54 years, becoming the longest-serving in its history

American writer and poet known for Moby-Dick and other works of the American Renaissance period

Swiss poet, writer, novelist, and chancery manager known for his literary realism in works like <i>Green Henry</i> and <i>Seldwyla Folks</i>

German-born French composer, cellist, and impresario known for his influential operettas and the opera The Tales of Hoffmann

French painter who led the Realism movement and influenced Impressionists and Cubists

American poet, essayist, and journalist known as the father of free verse, who profoundly influenced American and world literature with works such as Leaves of Grass

Queen of the United Kingdom who reigned for 63 years, overseeing the Victorian era of industrial and imperial expansion, and becoming Empress of India

Queen of Portugal, known as "the Educator" and "the Good Mother", who reigned during significant periods of Portuguese history

Victorian polymath who revolutionized art criticism and architectural theory while advancing social reform through influential writings on culture and society

Prussian field marshal renowned for his decisive leadership against Napoleon at Leipzig and Waterloo, shaping European military history

King of Spain and ruler of the Spanish Empire from 1788 to 1808