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Visionary French architect and author celebrated for his meticulous restoration of iconic medieval landmarks across France, including Notre-Dame de Paris

Swedish physicist and astronomer, recognized as a founder of spectroscopy and known for his work on the solar spectrum

Belgian inventor, musician, and instrument maker who invented the saxophone and redesigned the bass clarinet, among other musical innovations

French painter known for his empathetic depictions of peasant farmers and a founder of the Barbizon school, who also explored pure landscapes in his later career

Russian revolutionary anarchist and political philosopher, known for his foundational influence on anarchism and collectivist anarchist tendencies throughout Russia and Europe