Born and died in 1705

French author, courtesan, and freethinker who hosted influential salons and patronized the arts

Swiss mathematician who founded modern probability theory, discovered the constant e, and developed the law of large numbers

Holy Roman Emperor for 47 years, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and a composer and patron of music

British naturalist, botanist, zoologist, and theologian known for his foundational works in natural history and systematic classification