Born and died in 1778

French chemist and physicist renowned for his gas laws, the discovery of water's composition, and the degrees Gay-Lussac for measuring alcoholic strength

King of Holland (1806-1810), younger brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, and a prolific writer and historian

Chilean independence leader and military officer who served as the second Supreme Director of Chile, considered one of the nation's founding fathers

Argentine general, politician, and soldier known as "the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru" for his leadership in gaining South American independence from the Spanish Empire

French Enlightenment writer, philosopher, and historian, renowned for advocating freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state

Swedish botanist and physician who formalized binomial nomenclature and is known as the 'father of modern taxonomy'